1. The Chemistry of Life
   1.1. Chemical elements necessary for life
   1.2. Structure and function of macromolecules: definition of polymer, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
   1.3. Water: Effects of polarity; dissociation of water molecules
2. The cell
   2.1. Cell theory, cell evolution.
   2.2. Cell organization: Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells: animal and plant.
   2.3. Organelles: Endomembrane system and other membrane organelles; cytoskeleton.
   2.4. The nucleus: functional organization, chromatin and chromosomes, genomic DNA replication, nucleolus and
   ribosomes.
   2.5. Membrane structure and function: fluid mosaic model; cell surface and intercellular junctions, membrane
   transport; transport proteins and active transport
   2.6. Cellular communication.

1. The chemical bond.
2. Intermolecular forces of solids, liquids and gases.
3. Chemical Kinetics:
4. Fundamentals of Thermochemistry
5. Chemical Balance:
6. Acids and bases.
7. Concepts of electrochemistry.

1. Real functions of several real variables
2. Differential calculus in Rn
   2.1. Partial derivatives
   2.2. Extremes of two-variable functions
3. Primitives and Integrals
   3.1. definition of primitive
   3.2. Primitive properties
   3.3. Primitive Methods
   3.4. Definition and properties of defined integrals
   3.5. Fundamental theorem of integral calculus
   3.6. Double integrals.

P1 Preparation of solutions.
P2 Planning a Chemical Analysis
P3 Errors associated with the main analysis methods
P4 Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction
P5 Centrifugation and filtration
P6 Distillation
P7 Concentration Techniques
P8 Precipitation
P9 Volumetry
P10 Spectroscopic Methods
P11 Electroanalytical Methods
P12 Chromatographic Methods.

1. Biodiversity: concept, threats and preservation
2. Earth history and evolution of organisms
3. General criteria for classification of living beings and nomenclature rules
4. Characterization of the Protist Subdomain: Kingdoms Archaezoa, Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Chlorophyta,
   Choanoflagellata
5. Characterization of the Metazoa Kingdom: Phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera,
   Nematoda, Mollusca (Classes Caudofoveata, Solenosgastres, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia,
   Cephalopoda), Anellida (Classes Polychaeta, Art. Subphyla Trilobita, Chelicerata (Classes Merostomata, Pycnogonida
   and Arachnida), Crustacea [Classes Maxillopoda (Subclasses Copepoda and Cirripedia), Malacostraca (Orders
   Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Euphausiacea)], Urinamia (Classes Chiplopoda) Classes Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea,
   Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea), Chordata (Subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata)

1. Introduction to ethology, principles and foundations;
2. Definitions and concepts of fish welfare
3. Behavior, learning mechanisms;
4. Animal welfare assessment.

1. Introduction to marine photosynthetic organisms
   1.1. General features
   1.2. Phylogeny of marine photosynthetic organisms
   1.3. Degrees of differentiation and levels of organization: unicellular and multicellular organisms; Organization of the
   algae stalk; organization of the bryophyte stalk;
   1.4. Reproductive biology: Vegetative reproduction; Asexual reproduction; Sexual reproduction; Alternation of
   generations; Haploid, diploid and haplo-diploid life cycles.
   1.5. Ecology of photosynthetic organisms.
2. Classification of photosynthetic organisms
   2.1. Eubacteria Domain
   2.1.1. Cyanobacteria Division
   2.2. Eukaria Domain
   2.2.1. Dinoflagellate Division
   2.2.2. Cryptophyte Division
   2.2.3. Haptophyte Division
   2.2.4. Heterokontophyta Division
   2.2.5. Rhodophyta division
   2.2.6. Chlorophyta Division
   2.2.7. Bryophyta division
   2.2.8. Trachaeophyta Division

1. Introduction
   1.1. Quantities and units.
   1.2. Scalars and vectors.
2. Classic Mechanics
   2.1. Kinetics; One and two-dimensional movement, circular movement.
   2.2. Dynamics: Newton’s Laws; gravitational, tidal, frictional and inertial forces.
   2.3. Work and Energy: power, kinetic and potential energy.
3. Fluid Mechanics
   3.1. Hydrostatics: Pascal and Archimedes principle, surface tension.
   3.2. Fluid dynamics; Conservation of mass and energy, viscosity, Reynolds number, localized and continuous pressure
   drops, Moody diagram, centrifugal pumps.
4. Thermodynamics
   4.1. Zero law of thermodynamics, temperature, thermal equilibrium;
   4.2. First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, calorimetry, heat transfer.
   4.3. Second law of thermodynamics; Heat/work conversion; Carnot cycle and entropy.
5. Notions of Electricity and Magnetism
   5.1. Electric field, direct current, Ohm’s law.
   5.2. Electromagnetic field, alternating current, renewable energy.

1. Definition of histology and associated concepts
2. Procedures used for analyzing histological samples
3. Types of animal tissues: characteristics, properties and functions
   3.1. Epithelial tissue:
   3.1.1. Special properties of epithelial cells
   3.1.2. Lining and glandular epithelial tissues
   3.1.3. skin and attachments
   3.2. Connective tissue:
   3.2.1. Characterization of cells, matrix and fibers
   3.2.2. Characterization of special connective tissue types:
   3.3. Muscle tissue
   3.3.1. Characterization of different cells: skeletal, cardiac and smooth striae
   3.3.2. Model of sliding filaments in muscle contraction
   3.4. nerve tissue
   3.4.1. Neuron, glial cells and attached structures
   3.4.2. nerve fibers
4. Definition of embryology and associated concepts
   4.1. Processes arising in embryology: gametogenesis, fertilization, segmentation, gastrulation, neurulation and
   organogenesis
   4.2. Comparative Embryology in Invertebrates and Vertebrates

1. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
2. Alkenes and cycloalkenes
3. Alkynes
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons
5. Alkyl halides:
6. Alcohols
7. Ethers and Epoxides
8. Aldehydes and Ketones
9. Carboxylic Acids

1. Diversity and general characteristics of Vertebrate Chords: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals
   1.1. Source
   1.2. Evolution
   1.3. Ecology
   1.4. biogeography
   1.5. Adaptive and behavioral characteristics

1. Introduction to field biology
   1.1. Health and safety
   1.2. Basic field work procedures
2. Definition of objects and working hypotheses
   2.1. scientific method
   2.2. Sampling
   2.3. data organization
3. Methods in field biology
4. Study of aquatic environments
   4.1. Fauna and flora study methodologies (phyto and zooplankton, macrophytes, waterfowl and biological processes)
   4.2. Methodologies for studying the flora and fauna of rocky coasts (macroalgae and invertebrates)
   4.3. Estuarine systems, including nutrient dynamics
   4.4. Methodologies and techniques for in situ ecotoxicological characterization
5. Terrestrial environments:
   5.1. Methodologies for coastal erosion control: role of plants in dune dynamics and stability
   5.2. Flora study methodologies
   5.3. Methodologies and techniques for studying bird populations (ringing, census techniques)
6. Preparation and communication of results
   6.1. communication in science

1. Introduction to Ecology
2. Organisms and the Marine Environment
   2.1 The importance of the physical environment on organisms
   2.3 Biotic interactions
   2.4 Matter and energy flow
   2.5 Biogeochemical cycles and marine compartments
3. Ecology of coastal zones
   3.1 Rocky Beaches
   3.2 Sandy Beaches
   3.3 Estuaries
   3.4 Saps and Mangroves
4. Pelagic Ecosystems
   4.1 Physical-chemical characteristics of the pelagic environment
   4.2 Planktonic communities
   4.3 Necton and pleuston
5. Benthic Ecosystems of the Continental Shelf
   5.1 Physicochemical characteristics of the benthic environment
   5.2. Brown Algae Forests
   5.3 Coral Reefs
   5.4 Marine Prairie
6. The Deep Ocean Bottom
   6.1 Environmental conditions of deep seas
   6.2 Food availability
   6.3 Biological communities and energy pathways
   6.4 Hydrothermal Springs as ecosystems
7. Human Impacts on the Marine Environment

P1. DNA and RNA structure. Chromosomes, chromatin and nucleosome.
P2. DNA replication
P3. DNA mutations and repair mechanisms.
Q4. Genetic recombination.
Q5. RNA transcription and processing.
P6. mRNA translation.
P7. Regulation of gene expression.

1. Introduction
   1.1. Concept and scope of Biochemistry
   1.2. Review of cellular, physicochemical and molecular fundamentals with an interest in Biochemistry
   1.3. Biochemical Evolution
   1.4. Water
2. Proteins
   2.1. amino acids
   2.2. Protein Structure and Function
   2.3. Protein purification and characterization
   2.4. Introduction to amino acid catabolism
3. Nucleic Acids
   3.1. DNA and RNA structure
   3.2. DNA replication
   3.3. RNA synthesis and processing
   3.4. Protein synthesis
4. Enzymes
   4.1. free energy concept
   4.2. Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
   4.3. Enzyme Inhibition. Functional mechanism of some enzymes
   4.4. Regulation of enzyme activity
5. Carbohydrates
   5.1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
   5.2. Glycolipids and glycoproteins
   5.3. Introduction to carbohydrate catabolism
6. Lipids
   6.1. Fatty acids and acylglycerols
   6.2. Phospholipids. Sterols
   6.3. Introduction to lipid catabolism

[P1] Univariate Descriptive Statistics: objectives and main methods
[P2] Correlation and Simple Linear Regression
[P3] Random variables: Parameters of random variables; Major discrete distributions; Main continuous distributions
[P4] Statistical Inference: Confidence intervals; Hypothesis testing; Fixed effects analysis of variance: one- and multifactor models, with and without interactions
[P5] Concepts of experimental design: Logical conception of experiences: from observations to interpretation of
experiences; Problems in poorly delineated experiments: lack of replication, lack of controls, pseudo-replication in
space and time, confused experiences, lack of independence

[P1.] Microorganisms in the marine environment
[P2.] Chemical and physical factors in the marine environment
[P3.] Marine microbial habitats
[P4.] Methods used in Marine Microbiology
[P5.] Structure of marine prokaryotes
[P6.] Physiology of marine prokaryotes
[P7.] Marine bacteria
[P8.] Marine archaeas
[P9.] Marine eukaryotic microorganisms
[P10.] Marine viruses
[P11.] The role of microorganisms in oceanic processes. Microbiological approach to the study of the ocean carbon
cycle, carbon bombs and ocean productivity.

1. Introductory concepts. Characterization of the sector at national and international level
2. Bioprospecting of marine resources
3. Microorganisms of marine origin and production of industrial enzymes from marine isolates. Bioactive compounds
4. Biotechnological Potential of Marine Algae: applications and sustainable production of macro and microalgae for the
   production of bioactive compounds
5. Use of marine enzymes in food processing
6. New marine sources of nutraceuticals and functional foods: macro and microalgae
7. Pharmaceutical products of marine origin: anticancers, antioxidants and antimicrobials. Cosmetic products,
   pigments and compounds with anti-UV activity from marine organisms
8. Biomaterials for application in regenerative medicine (chitosan and fucoidan)
9. Biofertilizers and plant growth stimulants of marine origin
10. Obtaining genetically modified marine organisms and their applications

M1) The importance of fisheries on the national and international scene
M2) Identification and characterization of the main fisheries resources: fish & invertebrates: crustaceans, molluscs and
echinoderms
M3) Bioecological characterization: reproductive strategies and life histories
M4) Methods for stock identification
M5) Population dynamics of a fishery resource
M6) Effects of fisheries on populations and communities; vulnerability to fisheries:
M6.1) Fishing methods and gear – active and passive fishing techniques
M6.2) Selectivity of fishing gear and selectivity models

1. History and Science of the Oceans
2. Ocean basins
3. Ocean sediments
4. Physicochemical properties of water and oceans
5. Circulation of the atmosphere and oceans
6. Waves
7. Tides
8. The Coast: beaches and coastal processes
9. The marine habitat
10. Plankton from surface waters

C 1. Introduction to Animal Physiology
C 2. Ionic and Osmotic Balance
2.1 Osmoregulation problems
2.2 Mandatory ion and water exchanges
2.3 Osmoregulators and osmoconforms
2.4 Osmoregulation in the aquatic environment
C 3. The Circulatory System
3.1 Types of circulatory systems
3.2 Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
3.3 Blood flow mechanisms
3.4 Circulation in invertebrates
C 4. The Respiratory System
4.1 O2 and CO2 in blood
4.2 Gas transfers in water
4.3 Gaseous transfers in air
4.4 Respiratory responses to extreme conditions
C 5. Animal Nutrition
5.1 Nutritional requirements
5.2 Forms of food
5.3 Food processing
5.4 Food systems
C 6. Energy Use
6.1 Metabolic rate and energy storage
6.2 Effect of O2 concentration
6.3 Metabolic rate and body size
6.4 Energy costs of transportation
C 7. Effects of Temperature on Animals
7.1 Heat exchanges between the animal and the environment
7.2 Thermoregulation

1. Environment and conservation
2. The origin of the environmental issue on a global scale.
3. The great world conferences on environment and biodiversity
4. Origin and evolution of the environmental issue in Portugal.
5. Basic notions of nature conservation and biodiversity.
6. Threats to Biodiversity
7. Importance of biodiversity for the functioning of marine ecosystems
8. Extinctions: records and causes
9. Loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitats
10. Resource overexploitation
11. Exotic and Invasive Species
12. The Anthropocene Era
13. Nature conservation
14. Nature conservation and biodiversity: main theories and models.
15. Main national and international legislation
16. Portuguese protected areas
17. The design, management and planning of protected areas.
18. Climate change and marine ecosystems
19. Threats, consequences and vulnerabilities
20. Mitigation and adaptation measures
21. Global movements to protect the climate and marine ecosystems

The student must choose one of the 3 Optional Groups (1, 2 or 3) and must obligatorily complete the 3 Curricular Units (CU) that are part of that group.

See the composition of all the Optional Groups in the following table:

OPTIONAL GROUP 1

OPTIONAL GROUP 2

OPTIONAL GROUP 3

The student must choose one of the 3 Optional Groups (1, 2 or 3) and must obligatorily complete the 3 Curricular Units (CU) that are part of that group.

See the composition of all the Optional Groups in the following table:

OPTIONAL GROUP 1

OPTIONAL GROUP 2

OPTIONAL GROUP 3

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics.
2. Sources of biological information: biological databases
3. Analysis and comparison of sequences:
   3.1. Software tools for analyzing and predicting biological sequences.
   3.2. Patterns, alignments, profiles, motifs.
4. Structural analysis of macromolecules.
5. Genomes, proteomes, transcriptomes.
6. Systems biology.
7. Applications: phylogeny, biotechnology, ecology, pharmaceuticals, among others.

1. Quality aspects associated with seafood: bacteria, viruses, biotoxins, biogenic amines, parasites and chemicals;
2. Deterioration of fish. Post-mortem changes in seafood;
3. Quality control by traditional microbiological methods: sampling; microbiological tests; microbiological criteria;
4. Sanitation in seafood establishments: water quality, cleaning and disinfection; operator hygiene;
5. HACCP methodology: concepts and principles; HACCP procedure steps (implementation); validation and
   verification of HACCP plans;
6. Seafood quality assessment methods: sensory methods; physical, chemical and microbiological methods

[P1] – Assessment and monitoring of fisheries resources
[P1.1] The main characteristics of fishing activity – artisanal fishing versus industrial fishing
[P2] – Production models for resource evaluation
[P3] – Biological reference points and regulatory measures
[P4] – Fisheries resource management and conservation measures
[P4.1] Fishing gear selectivity and selectivity models
[P5] – Case study analysis
[P6] – Bioeconomy and ethics in fisheries

1. Introduction to aquaculture
2. Main production categories
3. Current status of aquaculture production in Portugal and in the world
4. Consumer perception and market strategies
5. Basic notions of invertebrate and vertebrate production
6. Basic notions of macroalgae and microalgae production
7. Water quality for freshwater and marine crops
   7.1. Aquaculture water recirculation systems.
8. Aquaculture production systems
   8.1 Open and closed systems
   8.2 Intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems
   8.3 Maternity, pre-fattening and fattening
9. Basic concepts of aquaculture nutrition
10. Species selection
11. Structures and equipment
12. Main challenges and opportunities associated with the aquaculture sector

1. Services and Functions of Marine Ecosystems
   1.1. Importance of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2. Pollution and contamination
   2.1. Definition of marine contamination and pollution and state of the seas
   2.2. Measurement of environmental changes
3. Organic matter and nutrients
   3.1. eutrophication
   3.2. Consequences of organic discharges on ecosystems
4. Climate change and biological pollution
   4.1. Acidification of the oceans
   4.2. Effects of ocean acidification
   4.3. invasive species
5. Global contaminants and pollutants
   5.1. Petroleum-derived hydrocarbons
   5.2. Heavy metals
   5.3. Persistent Organic Pollutants
6. Emerging contaminants and pollutants
   6.1. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds; veterinarians and pharmacists; nanoparticles
7. Marine ecotoxicology
   7.1. General concepts and environmental risk assessment
   7.2. Toxicity tests: lethal and sublethal effects; mixtures
   7.3. Biomarkers and bioindicators
   7.4. Bioaccumulation
   7.5. Linking gene effects to population

The student must choose one of the 3 Optional Groups (1, 2 or 3) and must obligatorily complete the 3 Curricular Units (CU) that are part of that group.

See the composition of all the Optional Groups in the following table:

OPTIONAL GROUP 1

OPTIONAL GROUP 2

OPTIONAL GROUP 3

1. Production of food chains
   1.1 Biological bases and cultivation technology
   1.2 Microalgae cultivation
   1.3 Zooplankton cultivation
2. Cultivation of marine invertebrates
   2.1 Biological bases and cultivation technology
   2.2 Polychaete annelids cultivation
   2.3 Cultivation of echinoderms
   2.4 Cultivation of bivalve molluscs
   2.5 Cultivation of crustaceans
3. Fish farming
   3.1 Biological bases and cultivation technology
   3.2 Marine fish farming technology
   3.3 Cultivation of salmonids and eel
   3.4 Cultivation of new species
4. Cultivation technology in recirculating (RAS) and integrated multitrophic (IMTA) systems

1. Introduction to pathology: general notions; influence of environmental factors on pathological processes
2. Necropsy, sampling and diagnosis of diseases in aquatic animals
3. Vaccination and immunostimulation
4. Pathogenic agents: chemical, physical and biological agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
5. Good production practices

1. Case-studies of Marine Biology Applications
2. Analysis of investment projects in the field of Marine Sciences
3. Development of Soft-skills through the preparation of reports, oral presentations, and development of other
   materials.

The students must choose betwin:

• Project

C1. Preparation of a work plan for a project
1.1. Bibliographic search associated with the theme of the work
1.2. Planning the steps to be developed in the project
1.3. Organization of laboratory work
1.4. Preparation of the experimental project in group.
C 2. Final report writing. Analysis and discussion
C 3. Presentation and final discussion of the project

• Internship

C 1. Insertion in a business/organizational environment