P1. DNA and RNA structure. Chromosomes, chromatin and nucleosome.
P2. DNA Replication
P3. Mutations and DNA repair mechanisms.
P4. Genetic recombination.
P5. RNA transcription and processing.
P6. MRNA translation.
P7. Regulation of gene expression

1. Introduction to Statistics and Biostatistics.
2. Descriptive Statistics
3. Random Variables
4. Statistical Inference
5. Correlation and Regression

1. Introduction to metabolism
2. Glycid metabolism
   2.1. Regulation of glycemic metabolism
3. Citric acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle
   3.1. Regulation of citric acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle metabolism
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
   4.1. Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
5. Photosynthesis
6. Fatty acid metabolism
   6.1. Regulation of fatty acid metabolism
7. Protein Metabolism

1. Background: Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering
2. Bioreactors
   2.1. Stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial processes
   2.2. Type geometries and modes of operation in bioreactors;
   2.3. Mixing and Shaking; Mass transfer, heat transfer and sterilization
   2.4. Scale up and Scale down
3. Bioseparation Processes
4. Biocatalysis
   4.1. Enzymatic Kinetics
   4.2. Cellular enzymes and biocatalysts and immobilization methods.
   4.3. Biocatalysis in unconventional media.

[P1.] Introduction: scope of microbiology applied to Biotechnology; industrial microbiology versus biotechnology
[P2.] Groups of microorganisms most important in industrial microbiology / biotechnology
[P3.] Basic requirements of microorganisms: culture media; carbon and nitrogen sources; alternative raw materials.
[P4.] Fermentative processes; upstream and downstream processisng.
[P5.] Microbiology as a tool in different areas of biotechnology: food, environmental, industrial, marine.

1. Introduction to genetic engineering
2. Vectors
3. Enzymes in genetic engineering
   3.1. Restriction enzymes, endo and exonucleases, classification and modes of action
   3.2. DNases, Rases, methylases, phosphatases, kinases, ligases
4. DNA hybridization, amplification and sequencing
   4.1. DNA detection methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR variations and their applications
   4.2. Nucleic acid hybridization methods.
5. DNA library construction
   5.1. DNA isolation, purification and quantification, plasmid isolation
   5.2. Construction of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries
6. Gene Transfer Techniques
   6.1. Plant gene transfer techniques (Agrobacterium and plant virus mediated gene transfer), animals and
   microorganisms
   6.2. Transformation, electroporation, microprojectiles
7. Applications
   7.1. Microbial Biotechnology
   7.2. Gene Therapy

1. Pollution and contamination
2. Environmental Risk Assessment
3. Fundamental Concepts
4. Bioremediation.
5. Biotechnological applications for sustainable processes.
6. Methods of treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents and waste.
7. Environmental and waste management legislation.

1. Introductory Concepts of Food Biotechnology. Evolution of Biotechnology in the Food Industry
2. Microorganisms involved in food fermentations.
3. Fermentative Food Processes
   3.2 Use of yeast
   3.3 Use of bacteria
4. Sensory Analysis
5. Functional Foods
6. Application and production of enzymes in the food industry.
7. Technologies for the production and application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

1 – Fundamental concepts and application areas of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.
2 – Fundamental research lines in pharmaceutical biotechnology.
2.1 Production of recombinant therapeutic molecules: small molecules and natural products, hormones and cytokines,
enzymes.
2.2 Monoclonal antibodies (therapeutic and diagnostic) and vaccines.
2.3 Gene and cellular therapy.
2.4 Biomaterials and tissue engineering.
2.5 Application in diagnosis.
3 – Industrial development, production process and validation of new biopharmaceuticals. Biosynthesis of drugs by
fermentation and bio-transformation.
4 – Legislative and economic considerations. Future perspectives.

1. Marine microbiology
   1.1 Introduction to marine microbiology
   1.2 Methods in marine microbiology
   1.3 Physiology of marine microorganisms
   1.4 Role of microorganisms in oceanic processes
   1.5 Genomics of marine microorganisms
2. Marine bioprospecting
   2.1 Isolation of marine natural products
   2.2 Bioactive and biomaterial compounds of the marine environment
   2.3 Assays for detection of enzymes and bioactive molecules
3. Sustainable growth of marine organisms
   3.1 Microalgae and macroalgae cultivation
   3.2 Cultivation of other marine organisms

Q1. Biological databases.
P2. Introduction to algorithms in bioinformatics.
P3. Sequence alignment, simple alignment, multiple alignment.
Q4. Phylogeny
Q4. Motif prediction and protein structure.
P5. Gene prediction and genomic annotation.
P6. Gene expression analysis

1. Introduction to immunology. Cells and organs of the immune system.
2. T cells and B cells: selection, maturation and activation.
3. Specific and non-specific defense mechanisms.
   3.1.Inflammatory response. Complement system. Interferon.
   3.2. Cellular immunity and humoral immunity.
4. Major histocompatibility complex: heredity, processing and antigen presentation.
5. Immunization.
6. Pathophysiology of the immune system: health and disease.
   6.1.Inflammation and anti-inflammatory mediators.
   6.2.Tolerance, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity; Immunodeficiencies.
   6.3. Transplantation and immune base of rejection.
   6.4.Cancer and immune system.
   6.5.Immunomodulation and immunotherapy.
7. Antigens and immunogens.

1. Basic principles of animal cell and tissue culture.
2. Asepsis techniques and sterilization methods. Basic methods in cell and tissue culture: culture medium, subculture,
   cell viability.
   3.Culture of animal cells and tissues: Animal cell biology: metabolism; accession; proliferation; differentiation. Primary
   culture, subcultures and cell lines. Equipment and culture media. Cryopreservation of animal cells. Experimental
   methods: cell viability; cell proliferation; Apoptosis Tissue engineering.
3. Stem Cells
4. Multidrug Resistant Cells: Model Used to Test New Drugs
5. Animal models for tumor tissue induction.

1. Basic principles of plant cell and tissue culture: historical perspective and study methods in plant biotechnology.
2. In vitro plant culture: totipotence and competence; vegetative multiplication, growth regulators, culture media and
   environmental conditions of culture. Plant cloning – meristema propagation and organogenesis: meristema types,
   objectives and limitations.
3. Cell suspensions and somatic embryogenesis: types of embryogenesis, phases and induction. Pollen
   embryogenesis and haploid production. Cell suspensions and production of secondary metabolites. Protoplasts and
   somatic hybridization.
4. Genetic manipulation and plant breeding. Genetically modified plants

1. Seaweed Processes and Products
2. Biomaterials
3. Biosensors
4. Biomarkers
5. Biofuels
6. Bioremediation Applications
7. Biotechnological interventions in aquaculture

1. Bioethics
2. Communication in Science
3. Biotechnology Entrepreneurship
4. Intellectual Property
5. Scientific Careers
6. National and European Support Programs
7. Regulatoty Framework
8. Organization of study visit, lecture or scientific workshop

1. Theme selection and work team
2. Research and experimental design
3. Development of laboratory work
4. Analysis and treatment of results
5. Presentation and public discussion of the work developed

Project

1. Research and update the state of the art on the theme
   1.1. Literature search in the area of biotechnology
   1.2. Prepare a monograph about the state of art of a given area of biotechnology
2. Planning and development of a scientific project in Biotechnology
   2.1. Definition of working hypotheses
   2.2. Drafting and planning the steps in the development of a project
   2.3. Organizing the work in the laboratory
   2.4. Presentation of the preliminary scientific project in the form of seminars.
   2.5. Planning of the experimental design.
   2.6. Presentation of preliminary results of the scientific project in the form of a seminar.
3. Writing the final report.
   3.1. Writing a report with proper structure / formatting and discussion of the results obtained comparing them to the current state of the art.
4. Presentation and discussion of final project
   4.1. Defence and discussion of the written report and the oral presentation of the proposed project

Internship

The Areas / Functions eligible for the internship are all related to the Biotechnology topics covered in the other
curricular units of the degree and which fit the requirements of the regulation of curricular and extracurricular
internships of ESTM (Regulation No. 1087/2016).
According to each specific company, the registration / participation in the tasks should pay attention to the following
aspects:

1. Research and update the state of the art on the topic proposed in the work plan.
2. Requirements, challenges and particular aspects of the scope of activities performed
3. Report writing